植物提取物和其他天然化合物在水果采后的抑菌作用及机理
摘要:多年来,水果采后对真菌病原体的抑制一直依赖于合成化学品(杀菌剂),这种行为对环境造成了许多负面影响,接触残留物会对人体造成潜在危害,也会使微生物产生耐药性。这些都强调了安全有效的、能防止水果感染并保持质量、以尽量减少收获后的损失替代治疗的必要性。各种植物提取物和其他天然化合物的非药学评估,如活性代谢物微生物产生的酶已经显示出作为其作为替代抑菌剂和/或杀菌剂。本文综述了现有的合成杀菌剂的作用机制和生物防治策略,讨论了植物提取物作为替代品的潜力,重点讨论了选育的高效植物提取物对抗水果病原菌的方法,以便深入了解其生物活性化合物。此外,还探讨了合成杀菌剂的广泛应用导致真菌耐药性的原因,论述了天然化合物协同利用的重要性,还通过与工厂升级相关的挑战重点介绍了实验室规模和商业化的提取物和其他天然化合物。
关键词:生物活性化合物 微生物安全 杀菌 水果品质 热处理 粗提物
Plant extracts and other natural compounds as alternatives for post-harvest management of fruit fungal pathogens
Abstract: Over the years, post-harvest management strategies of fungal pathogens have depended on the aggressive usage of synthetic chemicals (fungicides). This conduct has been reported to have a negative environmental impact,cause potential harm to humans due to exposure to residues, and increase the risk of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms resistant. These emphasises the need for safe and effective alternative treatments capable of preventing fruit infections and maintaining quality in order to minimize post-harvest losses. Ethnopharmacological assessments of various plant extracts and other natural compounds such as active metabolites and enzymes produced by microorganisms have shown potential as fungi-static and/or -cidal agents against fruit pathogens. This review provides an overview on: the mechanisms and action of fruit pathogens and the existing synthetic fungicides and biological controls strategies. The potentials of plant extracts as alternative control was discussed with emphasises on the phyto-chemistry of selected plant extracts with high efficacy against fruit pathogens in order to gain insight into their bioactive compounds. In addition, the implication of extensive spatial scale application of synthetic fungicides leading to fungal resistance was discussed and the importance of synergistic use of natural compound were addressed. Challenges associated with upscaling plant extracts and other natural compounds from lab scale and commercialization were highlighted.
Key words: Bioactive compounds, Microbial safety ,Fungicidal Fruit quality, Thermal treatment, Crude plant extracts
1 引言
水果收获后病害被认为是园艺商品损失的最大原因,而园艺商品的损失是由细菌和真菌引起的,这些细菌和真菌会导致农产品腐烂(Munhuweyi et al.,2016)。目前全球粮食生产中约有40%的损失是由于病原体、动物和杂草造成的,这些因素对全球粮食安全构成了最紧迫的威胁(Savary et al.,2012;Gurr,2016),其中大部分收获后的损失都是由真菌引起的(Singh amp; Sharma,2018;Zhang et al.,2019 b)。总的来说,这些损失相当于大约13亿吨的新鲜农产品无法送达消费者手中(Munhuweyi,2012),这导致农产品价值链上的严重财政损失(Savary et al.,2012)。解决果树病害的方法很大程度上取决于果园的化学喷施方式和室内植物检疫措施(Savary et al.,2012)。多年来,人们使用了不同的方法来预防、减轻或控制果实采后病害,并提供了大量关于采前管理做法及其在水果病害控制中的重要作用的文献(Tyagi et al.,2017)。因此,本综述将重点关注水果病害关键的采后控制策略。
有文献记录了使用常规化学杀菌剂控制新鲜水果采后病害的情况,其他通常用于收获后控制真菌病原体的低成本策略还包括热(热水、热空气)治疗(Arah et al.,2016;Palou,2016)、氯化溶液(Ibrahim et al.,2015;Tudela et al.,2019)、天然杀菌剂、电离辐射和生物防治(Talibi et al.,2014)。众所周知,杀菌剂能抑制果蔬病害的发生。但在收获后真菌病原体的管理中持续大量地使用这些化学物质正日益导致重大问题(Murray et al.,2017)。化学制品的广泛使用和一些商业化包装材料的应用可导致耐药菌株的增殖。例如,Arrebola等人(2010)报道,持续使用杀菌剂如咪唑、噻苯咪唑和邻苯酚在柑橘包装设施中已经导致耐药菌株的发展。这些杀菌剂和化学残留物对环境、人类健康和安全的负面影响,使人们更加需要从常规高剂量的化学品转向更安全和环保的替代品,以控制收获后的水果疾病(Nabila amp; Soufiyan,2019;Sales et al.,2016;Yazdani et al.,2011)。不少文献表明,植物提取物和其他天然化合物的使用正引起更广泛的兴趣。近年来,各种植物衍生物产品和其他天然化合物已被探索或研究作为替代合成杀菌剂应用于水果的采后管理(Langcake, 1981;Vera-Estrella et al.,1994;Salhi et al.,2017;Zhou et al.,2018;Lara-Capistran et al.,2020)。
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