果实采后青霉菌的防治研究进展
摘要：扩展青霉（Penicillin expansum）对水果真菌的侵染，尤其是苹果及其衍生产品的侵染，是一个严重的全球性问题。受污染的水果和产品不仅威胁人类健康，而且降低了商业利润。鉴于合成杀菌剂的潜在危害，监管机构已经对其商业用途发布了限制甚至禁止使用。因此，开发更环保、更安全的采后青霉菌（P. expansum）感染控制技术越来越受到世界各国研究人员的关注。本文总结讨论了近十年来国内外关于青霉素的研究，包括其对果实的污染及采后的防治方法，以及青霉菌产生的主要毒素之一展青霉素的污染及合成；生物真菌防治与物理或化学防治相结合是重点。在实际应用中，同时使用这些方法中的两种或三种，特别是生物方法，可以获得更稳定和协同的抗真菌效果，进一步研究并使用这些方法的最佳商业程序可能是有益的。
关键词：青霉菌；生物防治；采后控制；苹果；
Postharvest control of Penicillium expansum in fruits: A review
Abstract: The infection of fruit by the fungus Penicillin expansum, especially apples and derived products, is a serious global problem. Contaminated fruit and products not only threaten human health, but also reduce commercial profits. Given the potential hazards of synthetic fungicides, regulatory agencies have issued restrictions and even prohibitions on their commercial use. Therefore, the development of more environmentally friendly and safe postharvest P. expansum infection control is receiving increasing attention from researchers worldwide. This review summarizes and discusses studies on P. expansum from the past decade, including its contamination of fruit and postharvest control methods, and the contamination and synthesis of patulin, one of the main toxins produced by P. expansum. The combination of biological fungal control with physical or chemical control methods is highlighted. In practical applications, the simultaneous use of two or three of these methods, especially biological methods, achieves more stable and synergistic antifungal effects, and further research on the optimal commercial procedures for using these treatments would be potentially beneficial.
Key word: Biological control; Postharvest control; Penicillin expansum; Apples;
1引言
近期的研究表明，全世界每年生产的水果和蔬菜中约有30%被丢弃(FAO,2018)。在水果和蔬菜收获后的加工、运输和储存过程中会发生相当大的损失，这种采后损害包括腐烂(如真菌腐败)、机械损伤和果蝇侵害。真菌病害可引起果蔬外观缺陷和营养物质的损耗，是采后经济损失的主要原因。在冷藏和运输设施不完善的发展中国家，采后水果病原体造成的损害会造成20-40%的损失。
除了水果品质和经济损失受到影响，水果感染病原真菌可能增加消费者患病害的风险。P. expansum是一种腐败微生物，会引起水果腐烂并产生有毒的次级代谢物，如棒曲霉素和橘霉素。由FAO/WHO规定，棒曲青霉素每日最大耐受摄入量为0.4 mu;g/kg。苹果是世界上种植和消费最广泛的水果之一。2012年，全球产量超过70万吨。因此，对引起苹果真菌病害的主要病原菌扩展孢霉的防治研究具有重要意义。
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